The 2024 tax bill, currently before the National Assembly for consideration and passage into law, has generated unprecedented public debate over its contents, context, and comprehension. These debates revolve around how the bill will affect internal revenue generation, household livelihoods, businesses, job creation, potential economic opportunities, and the overall well-being of Nigerians once it becomes law.
Concerns also arise from misconceptions, misinformation, and mutual suspicion that often characterise public trust in new policies, no matter how well-intentioned. While the discourse has been intense, mostly constructive, and occasionally driven by sentiment, there are key observations regarding the draft legislation that deserves attention within the context of Nigeria’s political economy.
A significant feature of the bill is the consolidation of legal frameworks. The intention to unify Nigeria’s tax administration by repealing existing tax acts and consolidating them into a single framework is commendable. This effort could simplify compliance, reduce confusion, and empower taxpayers with comprehensive information on their roles, responsibilities, and the consequences of tax evasion. However, the success of this consolidation depends on ensuring that key provisions from the repealed acts are not lost or diluted. Effective management of the transition process and robust public awareness campaigns are essential to prevent administrative confusion.
Another modern and progressive aspect of the bill is the taxation of digital assets and transactions. Including digital assets in the tax net is a forward-thinking step that aligns Nigeria’s tax laws with global practices. Nevertheless, it is crucial to clearly define taxable events and establish guidelines for valuing digital assets to avoid ambiguity. Given the dynamic nature of this sector, frequent updates to these guidelines are necessary to keep the provisions relevant and effective.
The bill also addresses resident and non-resident taxation, a critical feature aimed at expanding the tax net and preventing evasion. This provision seeks to bring more citizens and businesses into the formal tax system, especially those in the informal sector. However, determining “significant economic presence” for non-residents remains a challenge. Clear criteria are necessary to avoid disputes, and enforcing compliance for non-residents will require effective international agreements and cooperation.
A notable provision in the bill is the imposition of minimum effective tax rates on foreign subsidiaries of Nigerian companies. This measure aims to curb profit shifting and concealment. While this is a positive step, successful implementation will require cooperation with international tax authorities. Care must be taken to ensure that compliance does not place undue burdens on struggling businesses.
On the issue of undistributed profits, the bill seeks to tax profits in companies controlled by a few individuals to prevent tax deferral strategies. While this promotes transparency, it is essential to protect small and medium enterprises from being disproportionately affected. Balancing anti-avoidance measures with support for SMEs is critical.
The bill’s comprehensive provisions for benefits in kind and employee taxation are designed to prevent non-cash compensation from being used to avoid taxes.
However, the complexity of valuing benefits such as accommodation and other perks may present challenges. Clear guidelines and dispute-resolution mechanisms will be necessary to ensure smooth implementation.
The taxation of partnerships and joint ventures is another area clarified by the bill. Each partner will be taxed on their share of profits, which enhances transparency. However, concerns have been raised over the exclusion of petroleum operations from this provision. Given the potential for tax avoidance in the extractive sector, this gap needs to be addressed to ensure fairness and accountability.
The provisions for stamp duties and VAT offer comprehensive coverage of taxable instruments and supplies. While this is a welcome development, administrative challenges in collecting VAT and enforcing stamp duties, especially in the informal sector, remain unresolved. Additionally, compliance burdens on SMEs could be significant and need to be mitigated.
The bill also provides for double taxation relief to prevent taxpayers from being taxed on the same income in multiple jurisdictions. This is a crucial feature, but its success depends on robust international agreements and cooperation. Nigeria must develop the diplomatic, institutional, and technical capacity to implement this effectively.
Finally, the bill grants administrative and enforcement powers to tax authorities to ensure compliance. While this is necessary, the absence of strong oversight measures to prevent abuse or harassment of taxpayers is concerning. Transparency and accountability in enforcement must be prioritised to build public trust.
In conclusion, the Nigeria Tax Bill, 2024, is a positive policy shift aimed at modernising and streamlining the country’s taxation system. However, no law is perfect. The focus of ongoing public debate should be focused on the contents of the bill, how the bill will support economic growth, and job creation, boost internal revenues generation, ensure fairness for SMEs, effectively enforcement of non-resident taxation, and clarify provisions related to digital assets and benefits in kind among other provisions. Expanding the debate beyond the National Assembly to include civil society, the media, the private sector, and other segments of society is crucial for shaping a law that truly serves the interests of all Nigerians.
•Dr Orji Orji, the executive secretary of Nigeria Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative, writes from Abuja